British Journal of Criminology - recent issues

'We Are Going to Rape You and Taste Tutsi Women': Rape during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide

Mullins, C. W. — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 06:44:03 PDT

Over the past decades, scholars have paid greater attention to sexual violence, in both theorization and empirical analysis. One area that has been largely ignored, however, is sexual violence during times of armed conflict. This paper examines the nature and dynamics of sexual violence as it occurred during the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Drawing upon testimonies given to the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), descriptions of rapes—both singular and mass—were qualitatively analysed. In general, three broad types of assaults were identified: opportunistic assaults, which seemed to be a product of the disorder inherent within the conflict; episodes of sexual enslavement; and genocidal rapes, which were framed by the broader genocidal endeavours occurring at the time.

'I'm a Muslim, but I'm not a Terrorist': Victimization, Risky Identities and the Performance of Safety

Mythen, G., Walklate, S., Khan, F. — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 06:44:03 PDT

Since the events of 11 September 2001, Muslim minority groups have been subjected to pervasive scrutiny in the United Kingdom. The 7 July 2005 attacks have led to young Muslims’ being party to intensified modes of monitoring, surveillance and intervention by crime and security agencies. The introduction of multiple forms of counter-terrorism regulation by the state has been underpinned by discourses of (in)security, which have defined British Muslims en bloc as a risky, suspect population. Against this wider backdrop, this paper presents the findings from a study investigating the effects of these processes on young British Pakistanis in the North-West of England. Giving voice to these young people, we explore their responses to risk-victimization and articulate the impacts of legal and cultural regulation both on the management of Muslim identities and performances of safety in the public sphere.

Aggravating Racism and Elusive Motivation

Gadd, D. — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 06:44:03 PDT

Since the implementation of the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act, courts in England and Wales have seen an increase in the number of racially aggravated charges brought before them. However, the extent to which racism is central, rather than ancillary to, the offences prosecuted under this law remains contested, both in individual legal cases and in criminological writing about hate and bias-motivated crime. Using the narrative accounts of one man convicted of perpetrating a racially aggravated assault, this article outlines how important it is to engage with the complexity of motivation as it is perceived by offenders and the necessity of developing analytic approaches capable of transcending what offenders say about their attitudes to race.

Social Control in the Face Of Security and Minority Threats: The Effects of Terrorism, Minority Threat and Economic Crisis on the Law Enforcement System in Israel

Sela-Shayovitz, R. — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 06:44:03 PDT

This study focuses on a combination of security, minority and economic threats that occurred concurrently during the Second Intifada in Israel and their impact on social control. The Israeli situation provides a unique opportunity for implementing the natural experiment approach. This study was based on an interrupted time-series analysis of a restricted time period, namely 1995–2005. ARMA models were used to examine the effects of Intifada period, terrorist attacks, unemployment rates and ethnic origin on pre-trial detention rates. The findings support the minority threat hypothesis. A strong and statistically significant interaction effect was found between the Second Intifada and ethnic origin: pre-trial detentions of Arabs increased during the Intifada and were higher than those of Jews. The results partially support the economic threat hypothesis.

Community Policing or Zero Tolerance?: Preferences of Police Officers from 22 Countries in Transition

Lum, C. — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 06:44:03 PDT

Since the 1970s, approximately 60 countries in the world have experienced major political transition away from authoritarianism towards democracy and more liberal modes of governance. Subsequently, this era has provided opportunities for researchers to observe how major changes in the political environment affect a country's policing practices. This study is the first of a two paper series on the relationship between democratization and police attitudes, preferences and behaviours. This study reports the results of a pilot study of 315 police supervisors from 22 transitioning nations asking about their preferences towards two different styles of crime prevention—community-oriented policing and zero tolerance approaches. The results indicate that the officers from countries more democratically consolidated tend to have stronger relative preferences towards community-oriented policing over zero tolerance styles.

Governing Through Anti-social Behaviour: Regulatory Challenges to Criminal Justice

Crawford, A. — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 06:44:03 PDT

The ‘anti-social behaviour’ agenda in Britain and the introduction of diverse new powers and regulatory tools represent a major challenge to traditional conceptions of criminal justice. This article argues that the language of regulation has been appropriated and deployed to cloak and legitimize ambitious (yet ambiguous) bouts of hyper-active state interventionism. These may have more to do with quests to demonstrate government's capacity to be seen to be doing something tangible about public anxieties than with meaningful behavioural change. Rather, regulatory ideas are being used to circumvent and erode established criminal justice principles, notably those of due process, proportionality and special protections traditionally afforded to young people. Consequently, novel technologies of control have resulted in more intensive and earlier interventions.

Public Health and Fear of Crime: A Prospective Cohort Study

Jackson, J., Stafford, M. — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 06:44:03 PDT

Public insecurities about crime are widely assumed to erode individual well-being and community cohesion. Yet, robust evidence on the link between worry about crime and health is surprisingly scarce. This paper draws on data from a prospective cohort study (the Whitehall II study) to show a strong statistical effect of mental health and physical functioning on worry about crime. Combining with existing evidence, we suggest a feedback model in which worry about crime harms health, which, in turn, serves to heighten worry about crime. We conclude with the idea that, while fear of crime may express a whole set of social and political anxieties, there is a core to worry about crime that is implicated in real cycles of decreased health and perceived vulnerability to victimization. The challenge for future study is to integrate core aspects of the everyday experience of fear of crime with the more layered and expressive features of this complex social phenomenon.

Embodying Uncertainty?: Understanding Heightened Risk Perception of Drink 'Spiking'

Burgess, A., Donovan, P., Moore, S. E. H. — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 06:44:03 PDT

There is a stark contrast between heightened perceptions of risk associated with drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) and a lack of evidence that this is a widespread threat. Through surveys and interviews with university students in the United Kingdom and United States, we explore knowledge and beliefs about drink-spiking and the linked threat of sexual assault. University students in both locations are not only widely sensitized to the issue, but substantial segments claim first- or second-hand experience of particular incidents. We explore students’ understanding of the DFSA threat in relationship to their attitudes concerning alcohol, binge-drinking, and responsibility for personal safety. We suggest that the drink-spiking narrative has a functional appeal in relation to the contemporary experience of young women's public drinking.

Reconsidering the Theory on Adolescent-Limited and Life-Course Persistent Anti-Social Behaviour

Skardhamar, T. — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 06:44:03 PDT

This article presents a critical review of the taxonomic theory of adolescent-limited and life-course persistent anti-social behaviour (Moffitt 1993) and its empirical evidence. This influential theory suggests that there are two qualitatively distinct types of offenders that require distinct theoretical explanations. Moreover, the empirical evidence for the typology is considered to be strong, at least by some. I discuss along three lines: first, to what extent the taxonomy should be interpreted literally; second, whether the suggested mechanisms are likely to produce the hypothesized groups; third, whether some of the most important empirical evidence really does support the theory. I conclude that the theoretical arguments are surprisingly unclear on key issues and that the empirical evidence is highly problematic.

What Works for Women?: A Comparison of Community-Based General Offending Programme Completion

Martin, J., Kautt, P., Gelsthorpe, L. — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 06:44:03 PDT

Women's completion rates on General Offending Programmes are significantly lower than men’s. Is this evidence of the programmes’ design and delivery being focused on men? This study uses multivariate statistical techniques on national data for 2006–07 to examine the characteristics significantly predicting completion rates for General Offending Programmes. In particular, it uses criminogenic factors from the OASys risk-assessment tool to identify the features predicting compliance, as captured by the Interim Accredited Programmes System (IAPS), and determine whether they differ between men and women. The results show significant variation between the women and men in the predictors of programme completion. The practical implications of these for research, policy and practice are discussed.

Mothers for Justice?: Gender and Campaigns against Miscarriages of Justice

Charman, S., Savage, S. P. — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 06:44:04 PDT

Miscarriages of justice are often only exposed through the extra-judicial activities of parties determined to fight for a particular cause, involving those closest to victims of miscarriages of justice. This paper examines the role of women, and particularly of mothers, in such justice campaigns and the extent to which there is a gendered dimension to campaigns against injustice. Based on interviews with those closely associated with justice campaigns, the paper argues that women tend to occupy a special, powerful place in campaigns against miscarriages of justice, one interwoven with familial relationships. The paper proceeds to relate this ‘special’ place to differential processes of grieving and the dynamics of women's engagement with protest and campaigning more generally.

Police Occupational Culture: New Debates and Directions. Edited by M. O'Neill, M. Marks and A.-M. Singh (Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI Press, 2007, 393pp. {pound}59.00 hb)

Stenning, P. — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 06:44:04 PDT

Policing and Crime Control in Post-Apartheid South Africa. By Anne-Marie Singh (Ashgate: Aldershot, 2008, 158pp. {pound}50.00)

Dixon, B. — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 06:44:04 PDT

Out There/in Here: Masculinitiy, Violence and Prisoning. By Elizabeth Comack (Halifax Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing, 2008, 160pp. {pound}12.26)

Earle, R. — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 06:44:04 PDT

Unequal Crime Decline: Theorising Race, Urban Inequality and Criminal Violence. By Karen F. Parker (New York: NYU, 2008, 163pp. {pound}35.50)

Antonopoulos, G. A., Papanicolaou, G. — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 06:44:04 PDT

The Currency of Justice: Fines and Damages in Consumer Societies. By Pat O'Malley (Abingdon and New York: Routledge-Cavendish, 2009, ix + 187pp. {pound}22.99)

Carlen, P. — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 06:44:04 PDT

A History of Murder: Personal Violence in Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present. By Pieter Spierenburg (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-7456-4378-6. {pound}17.99)

Seal, L. — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 06:44:04 PDT

Victims of Crime: Policy and Practice in Criminal Justice. By Matthew Hall (Devon: Willan, 2009, 262pp. {pound}38.00 hb)

Walklate, S. — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 06:44:04 PDT

Imaginary Penalities. Edited by Pat Carlen (Cullompton, Devon: Willan, 2008, 332pp. {pound}25.00)

Ruggiero, V. — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 06:44:04 PDT

Introduction

Hudson, B., Walters, R. — Tue, 18 Aug 2009 14:30:21 PDT

The Transformation of Violence in Iraq

Green, P., Ward, T. — Tue, 18 Aug 2009 14:30:21 PDT

This article explores the connections between various forms of organized political violence and ostensibly private, non-political violence in post-invasion Iraq, focusing on gender-based violence and the links between militias and organized crime. We argue that, as in other civil wars, much of the violence is ‘dual-purpose’, simultaneously serving private and political goals, and that despite a decline in violence since 2007, the situation created by the overthrow of the previous dictatorship remains extremely dangerous.

Pre-Crime and Counter-Terrorism: Imagining Future Crime in the 'War on Terror'

McCulloch, J., Pickering, S. — Tue, 18 Aug 2009 14:30:21 PDT

This article looks at pre-crime in the context of counter-terrorism. Pre-crime links coercive state actions to suspicion without the need for charge, prosecution or conviction. It also includes measures that expand the remit of the criminal law to include activities or associations that are deemed to precede the substantive offence targeted for prevention. The trend towards anticipating risks as a driving principle in criminal justice was identified well before 2001. However, risk and threat anticipation have substantially expanded in the context of contemporary counter-terrorism frameworks. Although pre-crime counter-terrorism measures are rationalized on the grounds of preventing terrorism, these measures do not fit in the frame of conventional crime prevention. The article argues that the shift to pre-crime embodies a trend towards integrating national security into criminal justice along with a temporal and geographic shift that encompasses a blurring of the borders between the states’ internal and external coercive capacities. The counter-terrorism framework incorporates and combines elements of criminal justice and national security, giving rise to a number of tensions. One key tension is between the ideal of impartial criminal justice and the politically charged concept of national security. Pre-crime counter-terrorism measures can be traced through a number of interlinking historical trajectories including the wars on crime and drugs, criminalization and, more fundamentally, in colonial strategies of domination, control and repression. The article concludes by identifying a number of challenges and opportunities for criminology in the shift from post-crime criminal justice to pre-crime national security.

From the 'Old' to the 'New' Suspect Community: Examining the Impacts of Recent UK Counter-Terrorist Legislation

Pantazis, C., Pemberton, S. — Tue, 18 Aug 2009 14:30:22 PDT

The ‘war on terror’ has emerged as the principal conflict of our time, where ‘Islamic fanaticism’ is identified as the greatest threat to Western liberal democracies. Within the United Kingdom, and beyond, this political discourse has designated Muslims as the new ‘enemy within’—justifying the introduction of counter-terrorist legislation and facilitating the construction of Muslims as a ‘suspect community’. In this paper, we develop Hillyard's (1993) notion of the ‘suspect community’ and evidence how Muslims have replaced the Irish as the main focus of the government's security agenda whilst also recognizing that some groups have been specifically targeted for state surveillance. We conclude that the categorization of Muslims as suspect may be serving to undermine national security rather than enhance it.

Prison Islam in the Age of Sacred Terror

Hamm, M. S. — Tue, 18 Aug 2009 14:30:22 PDT

Research indicates that Islam is the fastest growing religion among prisoners in Western nations. In the United States, roughly 240,000 inmates have converted to the faith since the 9/11 attacks. According to federal law enforcement, Saudi-backed Wahhabi clerics have targeted these prisoners for terrorist recruitment. The present research examines this claim from several different perspectives. First, it reviews the literature on prisoner conversions to Islam and concludes that there are opposing viewpoints on the matter. One side of the debate takes an alarmist stance, arguing that prisons have become incubators for Islamic terrorism; the other side asserts that Islam plays a vital role in prisoner rehabilitation. Second, results of a two-year study of prisoner radicalization and terrorist recruitment in US prisons are reported. The motives for prisoner conversions to Islam are discussed along with the effects of conversion on inmate behaviour; the role played by gangs and charismatic leaders in radicalizing prisoners; and the social processes by which inmates move from radicalization to operational terrorism. Third, two case studies are presented. One involves a terrorist plot waged by a gang of Sunni prisoners at California's New Folsom Prison; the other looks at the inmate-led Islamic Studies Program at Old Folsom Prison, which has adopted a de-radicalization agenda. It is argued that inmate self-help programmes may do more than the state to prevent radicalization and terrorist recruitment behind bars.

Exceptionalism and the 'War on Terror': Criminology Meets International Relations

Aradau, C., van Munster, R. — Tue, 18 Aug 2009 14:30:22 PDT

Criminology and International Relations (IR) share a relatively wide vocabulary: political violence, crime, security, deterrence, war on terror, risk, human rights and freedom. Particularly in the case of the ‘war on terror’, similar concerns and conceptual tools have increasingly surfaced on both sides. Nonetheless, one debate—namely Carl Schmitt's theory of the exception and its uptake in IR—has travelled less well. This article argues that there is value in engaging with the IR debates on the exception. From the perspective of IR, the exception makes possible different insights about the dialectics between law and crime by unpacking the constitutive role of the politics of fear, the importance of the ‘international’ and the transformed relationship to the future. It also exposes the deteriorating effects of the ‘war on terror’ on justice, democracy and social transformation.

Justice in a Time of Terror

Hudson, B. — Tue, 18 Aug 2009 14:30:22 PDT

The war on terror has seen the occupation of Iraq and Afghanistan; the use of torture on detainees in Guantanamo Bay; extension of periods of detention without trial, and increased levels of surveillance and control in the United Kingdom and the United States. Although being fought in the name of justice and democracy, the war on terror seems to have brought about curbs on freedom to citizens of the Western democracies and brutality rather than justice to those who are designated enemies and suspects in the war. This article looks at aspects of the war on terror from the perspective of a concern to defend the ideal of justice. Under headings of justice and legality, the lesser evil, the threat to liberal values, and justice and the other, war and occupation, torture, curtailment of civil liberties and the extent to which we each have a responsibility to protect the rights of those who are not our fellow citizens and who do not appear to share our values and our commitments to rights and freedoms are discussed. Recent writings by Michael Walzer on just and unjust wars, Michael Ignatieff on the use of the lesser evil, Jacques Derrida on the rights of the stranger to hospitality and Drucilla Cornell on the need to defend our ideals at the time when we are most likely to forsake them are drawn upon to help examine the fate of and the prospects for justice in a time of terror.

THE RADZINOWICZ MEMORIAL PRIZE

Pratt, J. — Wed, 17 Jun 2009 08:04:33 PDT

Restorative Justice for Banks Through Negative Licensing

Braithwaite, J. — Wed, 17 Jun 2009 08:04:33 PDT

The most general lesson of the crime prevention literature is taken to be that repeat victimization and repeat offending are concentrated in time and space; early intervention to prevent wider inflammation of such hot spots is more effective than reactive general deterrence (as in economic models of crime). That prescription is applied to how the 2008 financial crisis might have been prevented and how the crimes of Enron and Arthur Andersen might have been tackled to ameliorate the 2001 crisis. Negative licensing based on walking the beat and kicking the tyres at financial hot spots, with reduced reliance on economic models of risk, is one remedy advocated. Then, the threat of negative licensing might be used to motivate restorative justice that transforms the ethical culture, particularly the bonus culture, of banks.

The International Ban on Ivory Sales and its Effects on Elephant Poaching in Africa

Lemieux, A. M., Clarke, R. V. — Wed, 17 Jun 2009 08:04:33 PDT

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) secured an agreement in 1989 among its member states to ban the international trade in ivory. This disruption of the international ivory market was intended to reverse a sharp decline in the African elephant population, which resulted from widespread poaching for ivory in the previous decade. The continent's overall population of elephants increased after the ban, but an analysis of elephant population data from 1979 to 2007 found that some of the 37 countries in Africa with elephants continued to lose substantial numbers of them. This pattern is largely explained by the presence of unregulated domestic ivory markets in and near countries with declines in elephant populations.

Guanxi and Fear of Crime in Contemporary Urban China

Zhang, L., Messner, S. F., Liu, J., Zhuo, Y. A. — Wed, 17 Jun 2009 08:04:33 PDT

Western research has investigated individual correlates of fear of crime with a primary focus on people's vulnerability. This vulnerability model examines the possible effects on fear of indicators of people's physical vulnerability (e.g. age and gender) and social vulnerability (e.g. income and education). As is well documented in the research on China, guanxi is a unique aspect of social capital in Chinese society. The present study argues that guanxi in the immediate neighbourhood is an important indicator of the social vulnerability of individuals in urban China. We accordingly hypothesize that residents who have strong neighbourhood guanxi are less likely to be fearful of crime. This hypothesis is assessed with data collected from a recent survey in the city of Tianjin, China. The results of multilevel analysis show that guanxi in the neighbourhood is a significant predictor of fear of crime in contemporary urban China when other important factors are controlled.

The Robbery of Motorcycle Taxi Drivers (Dake Zai) in China: A Lifestyle/Routine Activity Perspective and Beyond

Xu, J. — Wed, 17 Jun 2009 08:04:33 PDT

Using official police records, interviews with motorcycle taxi drivers and the participant observation of their working activities in Tianzhi city, China, this paper examines how and why a dimension of social stratification—household registration (hukou)—is related to the risk of robbery victimization and attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of applying lifestyle/routine activity theory to contemporary urban China. It discloses that migrant motorcycle taxi drivers are highly overrepresented in robbery victimization. Their night-time working practices enhance their chances of being robbed by both increasing exposure to likely offenders and reducing the presence of capable guardians. The study further explores how a structural factor—motorcycle ban policy—shapes different routine activities between migrant and resident motorcycle taxi drivers and, by extension, differential risks of robbery victimization. The paper concludes by pointing out the importance of locating lifestyle/routine activities in a larger Chinese macro-social structural context. The outcome is one of the very first ethnographic analyses of crime conducted in situ in China.

The Causal Connection Between Drug Misuse and Crime

Bennett, T., Holloway, K. — Wed, 17 Jun 2009 08:04:33 PDT

One of the most influential accounts of the causal connection between drug use and crime was developed by Paul Goldstein in a tripartite conceptual framework that divided explanations of the connection into ‘economic-compulsive’, ‘psychopharmacological’ and ‘systemic’ (Goldstein 1985). The aim of this paper is to examine the validity of the taxonomy in explained drug-related crime across different crime types and to identify some of the mechanisms involved. This was done by interviewing drug-misusing offenders currently serving sentences of imprisonment in the United Kingdom about the role of drug use in their recent crimes. The paper concludes that Goldstein's taxonomy should be refined to take into account the wide range of factors that influence the connection between drug use and crime.

Under These Conditions: Gender, Parole and the Governance of Reintegration

Turnbull, S., Hannah-Moffat, K. — Wed, 17 Jun 2009 08:04:33 PDT

Despite the widespread use of conditions in various phases of the criminal justice system (e.g. bail, probation, parole), there has been little theoretical examination of their purposes or the implications associated with their use. This paper extends the theoretical discussion of women prisoners’ reintegration by focusing on parole conditions as a form of ‘targeted governance’. Using national data on federally sentenced female offenders in Canada, it shows how parole boards constitute the female parolee as a fractured subject consisting of various ‘risk/need factors’ to which parole conditions are applied. It also considers how conditions are techniques of targeted governance that exemplify an integrated exercise of penal power, which is simultaneously productive and repressive: conditions help prepare women prisoners for ‘freedom’ on parole by mobilizing particular techniques of self-governance, while at the same time operate as modes of surveillance that police the boundaries of acceptable conduct.

Co-Offending, Age, Gender and Crime Type: Implications for Criminal Justice Policy

van Mastrigt, S. B., Farrington, D. P. — Wed, 17 Jun 2009 08:04:33 PDT

It has long been reported that many crimes are committed in groups, yet few studies of co-offending exist. In this paper, we argue that large-scale information on the prevalence of co-offending and its variations across age, gender and crime type is essential for the development of criminological theory and for the accurate estimation of important criminal justice measures like the probability of conviction and the incapacitative effects of imprisonment. To this end, we present results from the most extensive multivariate analysis of co-offending available in the United Kingdom to date. Findings indicate that a minority of detected crime implicated multiple offenders, and that co-offending decreased with age, was greater for females and was most common for robbery and burglary. Age, gender and crime type independently predicted co-offending. Implications for criminal justice policy and theory are discussed.

Cultural Criminology: An Invitation. By Jeff Ferrell, Keith Hayward and Jock Young (London: Sage, 2008) * Criminal Identities and Consumer Culture: Crime, Exclusion and the New Culture of Narcissism. By Steve Hall, Simon Winlow and Craig Ancrum (Cullompton: Willan, 2008, 248pp. {pound}19.50 pb)

Carlen, P. — Wed, 17 Jun 2009 08:04:33 PDT

Violence and Sex Work in Britain. By Hilary Kinnell (Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing, 2008, 290pp. {pound}19.50 pb)

Self, H. J. — Wed, 17 Jun 2009 08:04:33 PDT

Police in the Age of Improvement: Police Development and the Civic Tradition in Scotland, 1775-1865. By David G. Barrie (Uffculme, Devon: Willan Publishing, 2008, xii + 307pp. {pound}45.00)

Dodsworth, F. — Wed, 17 Jun 2009 08:04:33 PDT

Victims' Rights, Human Rights and Criminal Justice. By Jonathan Doak (Oxford: Hart Publications, 2008, 325pp. {pound}30.00 pb)

O'Mahony, D. — Wed, 17 Jun 2009 08:04:34 PDT

ASBO Nation: The Criminalisation of Nuisance. Edited by Peter Squires(Bristol: Policy Press, 2008, 383pp. {pound}24.99 pb)

Rodger, J. J. — Wed, 17 Jun 2009 08:04:34 PDT

Sexual Assault and the Justice Gap: A Question of Attitude. By Jennifer Temkin and Barbara Krahe (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2008, xi + 257pp. {pound}30.00 pb)

McAlinden, A.-M. — Wed, 17 Jun 2009 08:04:34 PDT

The Prisoners' Dilemma: Political Economy and Punishment in Contemporary Democracies (The Hamlyn Lectures 2007). By N. Lacey (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008, 235pp.)

Morgan, R. — Wed, 17 Jun 2009 08:04:34 PDT

Restorative Justice, Self-interest and Responsible Citizenship. By Lode Walgrave (Cullompton: Willan Publishing, 2008, 240pp. {pound}25.99 pb)

Karstedt, S. — Wed, 17 Jun 2009 08:04:34 PDT

Reluctant Gangsters: The Changing Face of Youth Crime. By John Pitts (Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing, 2008, 176pp. {pound}22.00 pb)

Muncie, J. — Wed, 17 Jun 2009 08:04:34 PDT

A Deafening Silence: Hidden Violence against Women and Children. By Patrizia Romito (Bristol: Policy Press, 2008, 223pp. {pound}52.00 hb, {pound}19.99 pb)

Westmarland, N. — Wed, 17 Jun 2009 08:04:34 PDT