British Journal of Criminology Advance Access published online on December 24, 2007
British Journal of Criminology, doi:10.1093/bjc/azm072
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The British Journal of Criminology 0:azm072 (2007)
© The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies (ISTD). All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
SCANDINAVIAN EXCEPTIONALISM IN AN ERA OF PENAL EXCESS
Part I: The Nature and Roots of Scandinavian Exceptionalism
* Institute of Criminology, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand; John.Pratt{at}vuw.ac.nz.
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This is the first of a two-part paper on penal exceptionalism in Scandinavia—that is, low rates of imprisonment and humane prison conditions. Part I examines the roots of this exceptionalism in Finland, Norway and Sweden, arguing that it emerges from the cultures of equality that existed in these countries which were then embedded in their social fabrics through the universalism of the Scandinavian welfare state.