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British Journal of Criminology Advance Access originally published online on July 7, 2007
British Journal of Criminology 2007 47(6):938-954; doi:10.1093/bjc/azm028
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The British Journal of Criminology 47:938-954 (2007)
© The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies (ISTD). All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

THE FIRST PROBATION OFFICERS IN ENGLAND AND WALES 1906–14

Raymond Gard*

* Dr Raymond Gard is working as an Associate Lecturer for the Open University. His home address is Kasseler Schlagd 21, 34346 Hann. Muenden, Germany; rlg58{at}tutor.open.ac.uk or ray.gard{at}sommer-translations.de.


  Abstract

This essay uses contemporary sources to argue that the first probation officers appointed following the Probation of Offenders Act of 1907 were very different from the Police Court Missionaries then working in the courts of London. It uses both published and archive material to reveal the methods and aims of the new officers and contrasts them with those of the existing system of Missionaries. The work adapts and borrows from Garland's (1985) work describing the creation of a penal welfare complex and, in particular, his analysis of the methods used by the newly appointed probation officers.


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