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British Journal of Criminology Advance Access originally published online on April 19, 2005
British Journal of Criminology 2005 45(4):446-469; doi:10.1093/bjc/azi032
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The British Journal of Criminology 45:446-469 (2005)
© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies (ISTD). All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org

War, Aggression and State Crime

A Criminological Analysis of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq

Ronald C. Kramer and Raymond J. Michalowski*

* Ronald Kramer, University of Western Michigan. Email: Ronald.kramer{at}wmich.edu. Ray Michalowski, Northern Arizona University. Email: Raymond.michalowski{at}nau.edu.

In this article, we argue that the 2003 US/UK invasion and occupation of Iraq was a form of state crime and offer a criminological analysis of the event. First, we describe how the war on Iraq violated the UN Charter and international humanitarian law. Then, we provide a narrative analysis of the historical and contemporary origins of this crime through the lens of an integrated model for the study of organizational deviance that has proved useful in the analysis of a number of other upper-world crimes. A key part of our explanation of this war resides in the dynamics of America’s long-standing will to empire coupled with the imperial designs of neoconservative policy makers within the Bush administration.


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