British Journal of Criminology Advance Access originally published online on April 8, 2004
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The British Journal of Criminology 44:350-368 (2004)
British Journal of Criminology 44(3) © the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies (ISTD) 2004; all rights reserved
Shame, Rage and Racist Violence
* School of Social Policy, Sociology and Social Research, University of Kent.
Department of Applied Social Science, Lancaster University.
National Probation Service, Greater Manchester.
Address for correspondence: Professor David Smith, Department of Applied Social Science, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YL, UK. Tel.: 01524 594112; Fax: 012524 592475; d.b.smith{at}lancaster.ac.uk.
In this article, we argue that much racist violence can be understood in terms of unacknowledged shame and its transformation into fury. We use studies by Scheff and Retzinger as a framework for understanding transcripts of interviews with racist offenders from Greater Manchester, UK. We argue that much of the interview data support the claim that unacknowledged shame can be transformed into rage against those who are seen as the sources of shame. We argue that offenders' shame is rooted in multiple disadvantages and that rage is directed against south Asians who are perceived as more successful, but illegitimately so, within a cultural context in which violence and racism are taken for granted. The article is intended to contribute both to greater understanding of the complex motivation of racist violence and to current moves to redress the cognitive bias of much contemporary social science and reassess the role of emotion in human behaviour.
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